Iron–manganese filter

Dissolved iron and manganese cause colour, turbidity and sediment, and encourage bacterial growth. In textile, plastic, paper, leather and food production this shows up directly in product quality.

The filter works by oxidation and filtration in a bed of specially activated mineral: dissolved iron passing slowly through the bed is oxidised and retained between the layers, then discharged during backwash. No regenerant chemical is needed.

The amount of media and the vessel diameter are calculated from the iron, manganese, free chlorine, pH and organic matter values of the raw water. A selection made without those figures does not hold up in the field.