Technical articles on water treatment
Technical articles on water treatment: the questions we meet most often in the field and the reasoning behind the decisions.
- Draft · Reverse Osmosis
When should an RO membrane be replaced? Five indicators
Membrane replacement is decided by data, not by the calendar. The five indicators we look at in the field and what each of them means.
Read → - Draft · Softening
Why does water softening resin deform?
If hardness appears early at the softener outlet, the problem usually lies not in the resin itself but in the water reaching it and in the regeneration settings.
Read → - Draft · Cooling Water
Filtration in cooling tower water: side stream or full stream?
In cooling water it is usually unnecessary to filter the full flow. The points that decide between side-stream and full-stream filtration.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
Causes of membrane fouling: three main groups
Membranes are delicate structures and the cause of fouling is not always the same. The fouling we see in the field falls into three main groups; the remedy changes with that distinction.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
How do you identify the cause of membrane damage?
Read flow and conductivity together and they point to the source of the damage with surprising clarity. Three typical patterns and the problem each one indicates.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
How often, and with which chemical, should a CIP clean be carried out?
The cleaning decision looks not at the calendar but at three measurements: differential pressure, permeate conductivity and production flow. The threshold values, and what to do after a long shutdown.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
How is silica-related membrane damage prevented?
Silica is one of the most dangerous minerals for a membrane and it occurs in water in two different forms. The precaution differs for each.
Read → - Draft · Chemicals
What should you watch for when choosing an antiscalant?
An antiscalant is chosen from an analysis, not from a catalogue. The two decisive parameters, and why the projection calculation must not be skipped.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
Does free chlorine damage a membrane?
The short answer: yes, and irreversibly. Membranes have a low tolerance to chlorine and the damage cannot be undone by cleaning.
Read → - Draft · Membranes
How are chlorine breakthroughs prevented?
Activated carbon and SMBS dosing are the two ways of neutralising free chlorine ahead of a membrane. When to prefer which.
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